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GB DׄwZ †_‡K GwU ¯úó n‡q D‡V‡Q †h, cÖvK gymwjg Avg‡j e‡i‡›`ªi Awaf~³ f‚LÛmn evsjvi mgvR Rxeb ˆbwZK Aeÿ‡qi †kl av‡c †cuŠ‡Q wM‡qwQj| ivóª I cÖkvmbhš¿ boe‡o n‡q c‡owQj| mgvR eû ¯Í‡i, Dc¯Í‡i wef³, RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK Ae¯’v A‡avMvgx, bxwZ ˆbwZKZv RivMÖ¯’, ivRv AgvZ¨iv wejvmcivqY I gw`ivm³ Ges ÿvÎkw³ nxbej n‡q c‡owQj| ag© PP©v cÖK…Z j‡ÿ¨i cwie‡Z© AvbyôvwbKZvq ch©ewmZ n‡qwQj| GgZve¯’vq †Kvb DËg Rxe‡bi AbycÖ‡ek Ges ewnivµg‡Yi cÖwZ‡iva ÿgZv ivRv, AgvZ¨ D”P‡kÖYxi Kv‡iv wQj bv| mvaviY RbMY ZvB gymjgvb AvMgb‡K mªóvi Avkxe©v` wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Q| G m¤ú‡K© bxnviÄb iv‡qi gšÍe¨ we‡kl cÖwYavb‡hvM¨- ÒGKw`‡K DËi fvi‡Zi AwaKvsk hLb gymjgvb‡`i KiZjMZ, DËi-Mv‡½q fvi‡Z hLb ivóªxq Ae¯’v cÖvq ˆbivR¨ ewj‡jB P‡j, ZLb evsjv‡`‡ki ivR¨ I mgvR †f`eyw× Øviv Av”Qbœ, ¯Í‡i-Dc¯Í‡i `yj©•N¨ mxgvq wef³, ivRmfv PwiÎ I AvZ¥kw³nxb, ag© I mgvR wejvm-jvjmvq I †hŠbvwZk‡h¨ cxwoZ, wkí I mvwnZ¨ e¯‘ mg‡Ü weP¨yZ fveKíbvi RM‡Z cjøweZ evK¨, D”Qvmgq AZ¨yw³, Avj¼vwiK AvwZkh¨ Ges †`nMZ jxjv wejv‡m fviMÖ¯’, Rbmvavi‡Yi †`ngb †eŠ× eRyhvb-mnhvb Ges Zvwš¿K wm×vPvh© WvwKbx †hvwMYx‡`i Av‡jŠwKK wµqvKvÛ ZzKZv‡K c½y, D”PZi eY© mgvR eªvþY¨ cy‡ivwnZš¿ Ges eªvþY¨ iv‡óªi me©gq KZ…©‡Z¡ Avoó| ivóªxq I mvgvwRK A‡avMwZi wPÎ m¤ú~Y©| eL&Z Bqv‡ii beØxc Rq Ges GKkZ erm‡ii g‡a¨ mgMÖ evsjv‡`k Rywoqv gymjgvb ivRkw³i cÖwZôv wKQy AvKw¯§K NUbv bq, fv‡M¨i cwinvmI bq| ivóªxq, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK A‡avMwZi Awbevh© cwiYvg gvÎ|Ó Ggb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Bmjv‡gi D`viZv, åvZ„Z¡‡eva, mnbkxjZv, mvg¨ I DbœZ Rxebv`k© G A‡ji wbcxwoZ RbMY‡K Bmjvg MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ K‡iwQj Ges †m Rb¨ e‡i›`ª f‚wg‡Z Bmjv‡gi cÖPvi I cÖmvi e¨vcKZv jvf K‡iwQj|
gymwjg AvMg‡bi c~‡e© e‡i›`ª A‡j cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Avh© ag© Abyôvb Ges Zvi cieZ©x‡Z ch©vqµ‡g ˆRb, †eŠ× Ges eªvþY¨ev`x wn›`y ag© RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ we¯Ívi jvf K‡iwQj| Dciš‘ GB A‡ji cÖvPxb Awaevmx‡`i c~Rv-AP©bv I ag© wek¦vm mgv‡R ag©vej¤^x‡`i g‡a¨ eû †`e‡`exi Dcvmbv cÖPwjZ wQj| e‡i›`ª A‡j wewfbœ ¯’vb n‡Z msM„nxZ wn›`y I †eŠ× a‡g©i wewfbœ †`e‡`exi cv_i g~wZ© hv e‡i›`ª wimvP© wgDwRqv‡g msiwÿZ Av‡Q- g‡Zi mg_©b K‡i|
BwZnv‡mi Dcv`vb
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‡`Icvov-weRqbMi-Kzgicyi : ivRkvnx bMix †_‡K cÖvq 11 wK‡jvwgUvi DËi-cwð‡g wkZjvB bvgK †ij‡ók‡bi wbKU †`Iqvbcvov MÖvg Aew¯’Z| 1865 L„óv‡ã wg: †gUdvK (Mr. Fetcalfe) G ¯’vb ‡_‡K †`Icvov wkjvwjwc bvgK GKwU cÖ¯Íiwjwc D×vi K‡ib| 1910 L„óv‡ã Kzgvi kirKzgvi ivq, cÖL¨vZ HwZnvwmK ivgvcÖmv` P›` Ges AviI K‡qKRb cwÛZ GB GjvKvq AbymÜvb Pvwj‡q we¯ÍxY© GK AÂj Avwe®‹v‡i mg_© nb| †`Icvov wkjvwjwc‡Z DwjøwLZ `xwNwU 1919 L„óv‡ã ms¯‹vi Kiv nq Ges Zv‡Z †ek K‡qKwU cÖ¯Íi g~wZ©mn 129wU wkjvLÛ cvIqv hvq| BU niYKvix‡`i ‡`Šiv‡Z¥¨ G ¯’v‡bi cªvPxb KxwZ©¸‡jvi wfwË cÖvPx‡ii wKQz Ask Qvov Avi wKQB cvIqv hvqwb| wkjvwjwci cvV †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, gnvivR weRq †mb AwZ DPuy †`eM„nvw` wbg©vY I weivU AvKv‡ii Rjvkq Lbb K‡ib| gw›`i¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖ`¨y‡¤§k¦i wQj LyeB D‡jøL‡hvM¨ GK weivU AÆvwjKv| gw›`‡ii m¤§y‡L GK weivU Rjvkq| Av‡kcv‡k AviI A‡bK gw›`ivw` wbwg©Z Ges Rjvkq Lbb n‡qwQj| wkjvwjwci 30 Pi‡Yi cvV †_‡K aviYv Kiv hvq †h, GLv‡b GKwU mg„× Rbc‡`iI Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj| cÖ`¨y‡¤§k¦i gw›`i †Kv_vq wbwg©Z n‡qwQj †m D‡jøL wkjvwjwc‡Z †bB| 1910 wLªóv‡ãi AbymÜvb Kv‡Ri d‡j †`Icvov I cvk¦©eZ©x A‡ji †h me cÖZ¥KxwZ©i aŸsmve‡kl cvIqv †M‡Q, †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ôc`ygkviÕ `xwN bvgK GK e„nr Rjvk‡qi Zx‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU aŸsmve‡kl‡K cÖ`¨y‡¤§k¦i gw›`i e‡j wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkjvwjwci 29 Pi‡Y cÖ`¨y‡¤§k¦i gw›`‡ii mvg‡bi `xwNi †Kvb bvg ‡bB| Z‡e RbkÖæwZg~‡j-G w`wN Ôc`ykviÕ `xwN bv‡g eûKvj a‡i cwiwPZ| GwU †h, cÖ`¨y‡¤§k¦i Gi cwiewZ©Z I weK…Z iƒc Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| GLvb ‡_‡K wKQz `wÿY-cwð‡g Aew¯’Z weRqbMi bvgK GKwU cÖvPxb ¯’vb Av‡Q|
weRqbMi-Kzgvicyi : †`Iqvcvov †_‡K cÖvq 8 wK‡jvwgUvi `wÿY-cwðg I ivRkvnx bMix †_‡K cÖvq 13 wK‡jvwgUvi cwð‡g ivRkvnx-‡Mv`vMvox cvKv mo‡Ki jv‡Mvqv GKwU cÖvPxb gvwUi `~‡M©i aŸsmve‡kl †`Lv hvq| G ¯’v‡bi bvg Kzgvicyi| `~‡M©i `wÿY-c~e© †Kv‡Y Av‡Q †ek eo AvKv‡ii GKwU wXwe Ges wXwei Dc‡i Av‡Q GKwU gvRv‡ii aŸsmve‡kl| gvRvi wXwei wKQz Dˇi ÔDci evwoÕ bvgK Avi GKwU wXwe Av‡Q| ivRkvnx e‡i›`ª AbymÜvb mwgwZi GLv‡b AvswkK Lb‡bi c‡i GKwU †eŠ× wenv‡ii aŸsmve‡kl Ask we‡kl Avwe®‹…Z n‡q‡Q|
Kzgvicy‡ii wKQz cwðg-Dˇi GKwU weivU AvKv‡ii PKwgjvb Bgvi‡Zi aŸsmve‡kl wQj| wKš‘ †mwUi we‡kl †Kvb wKQzB AvR Avi wU‡K †bB| eZ©gv‡b c‡o Av‡Q ïa~ cÖvPxb BU, cv_i I g„rcv‡Îi fMœvsk| GB aŸsmve‡k‡li A`~‡i Aew¯’Z GKwU cwZZ wfUv wQj| G‡ZI BU-cv_‡ii fMœvsk wewÿß Ae¯’vq c‡o Av‡Q| GwU‡K ejv nZ KzgviivRvi evwo| Avi GLb G ¯’vb‡K ejv nq ÔwewRicyiÕ ev wew`icyi|
Kzgvicy‡ii jv‡Mvqv c~e© w`‡Ki MÖv‡gi bvg weRqbMi| Avi Kzgvicy‡ii cvk¦©eZ©x Ab¨vb¨ Mªvg ‡cÖgZjx, †LZzi, eªvþY-cy¯‹wiYx, ag©cyi, †`Icvov, PweŸbMi cÖf…wZ| GK mywekvj AÂjRy‡o G mg¯Í cÖvPxb MÖvg Aew¯’Z| mgMÖ A‡jB †`Lv hvq BZ¯ÍZ wewÿß cÖvPxb BU, cv_i I g„Zcv‡Îi fMœvsk| Avi Av‡Q AmsL¨ cÖvPxb w`wN-cy¯‹wiYx I cÖvPxb Bgvi‡Zi wfwË †`qv‡ji aŸsmve‡kl| G ¯’v‡b †mb ivRv‡`i ivRavbx weRqcyi wQj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| wKš‘ Gi Av‡MI GLv‡b GK weivU AvqZ‡bi Rbc` wQj e‡j cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
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kvn& gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in:)
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nhiZ kvnbyi (in:) ci Zuvi es‡k GKRb Ijxi Rb¥ nq| Zuvi bvg nhiZ gwnDÏxb †g‡n`x (in:)| Z‡e wZwb †jv‡Ki Kv‡Q nhiZ SzbSzbx kvn& bv‡gB we‡kl cwiwPZ wQ‡jb| nhiZ gwnDÏxb (in:) nhiZ SzbSzbx kvn& †QvU †ejv n‡ZB Øxb Bjg wkÿv jvf K‡ib Ges kvn& gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in:)-Gi gvRv‡i w`b-ivZ Bev`Z-e‡›`Mx Ki‡Zb| wZwb GKvw`µ‡g `xN© Qq eQiKvj Zuvi gvRvi kix‡d KvUvb| cÖK„wZi WvK Qvov wZwb KL‡bv evB‡i Avm‡Z bv| Z‡e ÿzavi D‡`ªK Ki‡j 4/5 w`b ci †jvKvj‡q G‡m Avnvi MÖnY K‡i P‡j †h‡Zb| GBfv‡e _vKvi ci wZwb kvn& gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (in:)-Gi ¯^cœv‡`k cÖvß n‡q †`k åg‡Y †ewi‡q c‡ob| wZwb GBfv‡e eû ¯’vb ågY Kivi ci Ae‡k‡l †Mv`vMvoxi GK Mfxi R½‡ji Af¨šÍ‡i Av¯Ívbv ‡M‡o Z_vq Avjøvi Øxb cÖPvi I a¨v‡b wbgMœ nb| wZwb 1076 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1776 L„óv‡ã ci‡jvK Mgb K‡ib| GLv‡bB Zuv‡K mgvwnZ Kiv nq| Zuvi gvRvi kixd‡K †jv‡K e‡j SbSbv cx‡ii gvRvi| beve Avjxe`©x Luv hLb evsjvi beve ZLb GKevi †Mv`vMvox‡Z wkKv‡i Av‡mb Ges nhiZ SzbSzbx kv‡ni gvRvi wRqviZ K‡ib| wZwb nhiZ kvn& gL`yg (in:) gvRv‡ii b¨vq nhiZ SzbSzbx kv‡ni gvRvi cvKv K‡i †`b Ges K‡qKwU †gŠRvI `iMv‡ni bv‡g IqvKd& K‡i hvb| eZ©gv‡b GB gnvZvc‡mi gvRviwU cÖvq wejywßi c‡_| g~j¨evb Kv‡jv KviæKvh© LwPZ bKkv †KD wb‡q †M‡Q|
nhiZ kvn& myjZvb (in:)
nhiZ kvnby‡ii es‡k nhiZ SzbSzbx kvn& e¨wZZ AviI GKRb mydx mva‡Ki Rb¥ nq| Zuvi bvg myjZvbyj Av‡idxb nhiZ kvn& bRi (in:)| Z‡e †jv‡Ki wbKU wZwb myjZvb kvn& e‡jB cwiwPZ| wZwb IqvR-bwmnZ K‡i †jvKRb‡K †n`v‡qZ Ki‡Zb|
nhiZ kvn& bRi (in:) AÎ A‡j AmsL¨ †jvK‡K Bmjv‡g `xÿv `vb K‡ib| wZwb cÖvq 1092 wnRix n‡Z 1106 wnRix ch©šÍ Bmjv‡gi Awgq evYx mK‡ji wbKU cÖPvi K‡ib| wZwb 1106 wnRix †gvZv‡eK 1706 L„óv‡ã Bn‡jvK Z¨vM K‡ib|
nhiZ kvn& †gvKviig (in:)
Bwb GKRb weL¨vZ Ajx wQjb| evsjv‡`‡k we‡kl K‡i ivRkvnx‡Z ˆeòe gZev‡`i cÖPvi I cÖfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ a‡g©i †jv‡Kiv AwZgvÎvq cÖfvevw¤^Z n‡q c‡owQj| †mB mgq GB A‡j nhiZ kvn& †gvKviig (in:) Bmjvg‡K cybR©xweZ Kivi Rb¨ m‡Pó nb| Zvui cÖPvi I cvwÛ‡Z¨i Rb¨B ˆeòe cÖfvevw¤^Z gymjgvb‡`i g‡b cybivq RvwZmË¡v Ges ag©xq †PZbv‡eva wd‡i Av‡m| kÖx ‰PZb¨‡`‡ei cÖavb wkl¨ Ges ‰eòe gZev‡`i Ab¨Zg †kÖô cÖe³v b‡ivËg VvKz‡ii mv‡_ Zuv‡K c‡ivÿfv‡e ag©xq Av`‡k©i jovB‡q AeZxY© n‡Z nq| b‡ivËg VvKz‡ii cÖavb AvLov †LZzi| Zuvi ˆcZ…K Avev¯’j nÕ‡Z `yB gvBj `~‡i Kzgvicy‡i GKwU DuPz wUjvi Dci nhiZ kvn& †gvKviig (in:) Bmjvg cÖPvi †K›`ª ev Av¯Ívbv M‡o †Zv‡jb| nhiZ †gvKviig kvn& mv‡ne‡K †K›`ª K‡i eû Ávbx-¸Yx-Av‡jg Zuvi Pvwiw`‡K GKwÎZ n‡Z _v‡Kb| Ava¨vwZ¥K ÿgZvq ejxqvb GB `i‡ek wn›`y-gymjgvbщeòe mK‡jiB ü`q-gb Rq Ki‡Z mÿg nb| ‡Kvb †Kvb HwZnvwm‡Ki g‡Z nhiZ kvn& gL`yg (i:) mv‡n‡ei mgvwafe‡bi cÖavb dU‡K wkjvwjwc ¯’vcbKvix gxR©v Avjx Kzwj †eMB n‡”Qb Kzgvicy‡ii mgvwnZ nhiZ kvn& †gvKviig (i:)| wZwb evsjv‡`‡k kvn& gL`yg iƒ‡cvk (i:) mv‡n‡ei gvhvi †RqviZ Ki‡Z G‡m Zuvi Ôiænvbx d‡qRÕ jv‡f mg_© nb| c‡i welq-msmvi weevMx Avjøvi c‡_i dwKi wn‡m‡e ivRkvnx‡ZB ‡_‡K hvb| cvw_©e Rxe‡bi †P‡q Ava¨vwZ¥K Ges ag©xq RxebB Zuv‡K AwaKgvÎvq AvK…ó K‡i| `xN©w`b a‡i wZwb nhiZ kvn& gL`yg (i:)-i gvhv‡ii †L`gZ Ges Avjøvi Gev`‡Z gk¸j _v‡Kb| c‡i nhiZ kvn& gL`yg (i:) KZ©„K ¯^cœvw`ó n‡q †Mv`vMvoxi Kzgvicy‡i Bmjvg cÖPvi †K›`ª ¯’vcb K‡ib| Abygvb 1662 L„óv‡ã wZwb Kzgvicy‡i B‡šÍKvj K‡ib| Zuvi gvRv‡ii Mv‡q GKwU Kv‡jv cv_‡i cweÎ †Kvivb kix‡di ÔAvi ingvbÕ DrKxY© Kiv Av‡Q| cÖwZ eQi dvêyb gv‡m Zuvi gvRv‡i evwl©K IqvR-bwQq‡Zi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
kvn& Rsjx cxi (i:)
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‡jLK : mvsevw`K I MÖš’Kvi|
